利用SSR分子标记快速鉴别中粒种与小粒种咖啡

为快速、准确地鉴别中粒种与小粒种咖啡,以不同种源的中粒种和小粒种咖啡为试验材料,对514对SSR引物进行中、小粒种咖啡种间特异性引物筛选,最终筛选到1对特异性引物,该引物在小粒种咖啡样本中扩增出90 bp和110 bp双带产物,而在中粒种咖啡样本中只扩增出90 bp或100 bp的单带产物,根据产物条带的数目即可对中粒种和小粒种咖啡进行鉴别。经随机抽取中、小粒种咖啡样本进行种类鉴别准确性验证,验证结果与实际结果一致。     

云南潞江坝小粒咖啡园杂草防治技术

简介云南保山潞江坝小粒咖啡园主要杂草种类和群落;对各种杂草防除措施进行简要评述。     

Heterozygous genotypes are efficient testers for assessing between-population combining ability in the reciprocal recurrent selection of Coffea canephora

Coffea canephora Pierre breeding in Côte d’Ivoire is based on indirect reciprocal recurrent selection (RRSi) using the Congolese and Guinean populations. In practice, the genotypes of each population (78 Congolese genotypes and 100 Guinean genotypes) are tested with several testers from the reciprocal population: two Guinean and three Congolese testers. These testers are heterozygous as C. canephora is a strictly outcrossing species. After a first cycle of RRSi, we judged the efficiency of these testers for yield, susceptibility to coffee leaf rust (SCLR) and hundred bean weight (HBW). All the testers discriminated the tested genotypes highly significantly (P < 0.01), even though differences were found in the degrees of discrimination. For yield and SCLR, no interaction between tested genotypes and testers was observed and correlations between test values obtained from different testers were significant or highly significant. Furthermore, test values of tested genotypes could be used to predict the yield and SCLR of between-population (BP) hybrids. Prediction was always more accurate with the best tester than with the mean of several testers. As opposed to yield and SCLR, HBW showed significant interactions between tested genotypes and testers and HBW of hybrids could not be predicted from the test value of the genotypes. We conclude that only one reciprocal tester can be used in the next cycles of RRSi applied to C. canephora. This will allow either a reduced cost of selection or increased selection intensity.     

Production of a new low-caffeine hybrid coffee and the biochemical mechanism of low caffeine accumulation

The GCAs are new tetraploid interspecific hybrids developed in Madagascar from Coffea eugenioides, C. canephora and C. arabica. Selected GCA having genotype UF1023 contained 0.37% DW caffeine and no detectable theobromine in green beans. Low caffeine accumulation in GCA plants is due mainly to the low biosynthetic activity of purine alkaloids, possibly the extremely weak N-methyltransferase reactions in caffeine biosynthesis. No significant catabolic activity of caffeine was found in GCA-UF1023, in common with almost all coffee plants including C. arabica.     

Additional evidence for oligogenic inheritance of durable host resistance to coffee berry disease (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum kahawae</Emphasis>) in arabica coffee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> L.)

Breeding for host resistance to coffee berry disease (CBD) in arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) was initiated some 35–40 years ago in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania in response to severe CBD epidemics. The release of CBD resistant cultivars to the coffee growers has been in progress since 1985. The resistance of cultivars like Ruiru 11 (Kenya) and Ababuna (and other cvs in Ethiopia) appears to be of a durable nature, since confirmed cases of a breakdown of host resistance under field conditions have not been reported over the past 20 years. Host resistance to the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum kahawae is of a quantitative nature, but nevertheless can be practically complete in some genotypes of arabica coffee. There is still no consensus on the genetics of CBD resistance, some claiming convincing evidence for oligogenes (1–3 major genes) and others for polygenes determining CBD resistance. Results from genetic studies with germplasm from the centre of genetic diversity for C. arabica in Ethiopia are presented here. These together with the recent identification of molecular markers associated with and the mapping of one major gene, provides additional evidence for oligogenic inheritance of CBD resistance. The development of cultivars combining yield and quality with durable host resistance to CBD has contributed greatly to increased sustainability of arabica coffee production in Africa. It has also considerable relevance to arabica coffee in Latin America and Asia, where CBD is still a quarantine disease but with a risk of becoming endemic one day, just as has happened earlier with coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix).     

Genetic diversity and structure of Hemileia vastatrix populations on Coffea spp.

Coffee leaf rust is the most limiting disease for coffee cultivation in Brazil. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity of Hemileia vastatrix, the rust causal agent. In this work, the DNA from 112 monopustule isolates from different geographic locations and coffee genotypes were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). The objectives were to assess the influence of the host and geographic origin on the diversity and population differentiation in H. vastatrix. The fungal population showed a low level of genotypic diversity. Gene diversity (h) was 0·027 and the hypothesis of random mating in the total population was rejected, but evidence for recombination was found for two subpopulations (São Paulo and Paraná). The analysis of molecular variance revealed that 90% of the genetic distribution of the pathogen occurs among isolates within the subpopulation (states or host of origin). There was no correlation between geographic and genetic distance (r = ?0·024, P = 0·74), which together with the high number of migrants and the low degree of differentiation in populations of H. vastatrix, is consistent with the fact that the inoculum is probably easily dispersed by wind over long distances, allowing dispersal of the pathogen among coffee growing areas in Brazil. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the durability of resistant sources to coffee rust. The recommendation for the breeding programmes is thus to incorporate multigenic resistance as a control strategy.     

水氮耦合对干热区小粒咖啡产量和品质的影响

为探明干热区小粒咖啡优质高产的水肥管理模式,通过连续2 a大田试验研究旱季4个灌水水平(充分灌水W1和亏缺灌水W2、W3、W4,W2、W3和W4灌水量分别为W1的80%、60%和40%)和3个施氮水平(N1:140 g/棵、N2:100 g/棵和N3:60 g/棵,纯氮量)对小粒咖啡产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,并通过主成分分析对综合营养品质进行评价。结果表明,与W4相比,提高灌水量可增加干豆产量42.8%~151.0%、生豆中绿原酸含量16.9%~31.5%,水分利用效率随灌水量的提高先增后减,W2的水分利用效率最大。与N3相比,提高施氮量增加干豆产量、水分利用效率、生豆中蛋白质和绿原酸含量分别为32.9%~42.6%、32.0%~45.8%、5.9%~9.7%和7.0%~12.6%,N2的干豆产量和水分利用效率最大。与W4N3相比,提高水氮用量能同时增加干豆产量和水分利用效率,分别增加22.0%~307.5%和18.2%~205.3%。W1N2处理获得2 a的最大均产,为5 587.42 kg/hm2。主成分分析结果表明,W2N2的综合营养品质最优,而水氮不协调会导致品质下降。与W4N3相比,W2N2显著提高干豆产量、水分利用效率和生豆中蛋白质和绿原酸含量,降低粗纤维含量。因此,从优质高产角度考虑,干热区小粒咖啡的水氮耦合模式为W2N2组合。     

Molecular markers as a method to evaluate the movement of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)

The objective of this research was to develop a methodology to describe the movement of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the field through: (i) the evaluation of allele variation of a microsatellite marker on polymorphic Colombian H. hampei populations; (ii) the invention of a device for releasing H. hampei adults; (iii) the standardization of a release-recapture technique for H. hampei populations; (iv) the estimation of the flight distance of the insect; and (v) the calculation of a mathematical expression that describes the movement of H. hampei in space over time. The results indicated that: (i) the microsatellite molecular marker HHK.1.6 was exclusively present in a population from Guapotá-Santander, was dominant and allows the evaluation of H. hampei movement for several generations; (ii) a device that released 88.8% of H. hampei adults in 2 s was designed; (iii) this device was used as H. hampei populations containing HHK.1.6 marker release strategy, and coffee seeds as recapture strategy; (iv) it was estimated that H. hampei adults flew as far as 65 m, however, 90% were recovered in a radius of <40 m. Finally, (v) the mathematical expression that described the movement of H. hampei in space over time was Y^=αβXi, being Y^ the average number of borer beetles recaptured per tree, and x the distance in meters. This method will allow to determine the movement of H. hampei from different environmental and ecological scenarios.     

亏缺灌溉与氮营养对小粒咖啡苗木生长及水分利用的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置了4个灌水水平：SI充分灌水（75%～85%θ_F）、DI₁轻度亏缺灌水（65%～75%θ_F）、DI₂中度亏缺灌水（55%～65%θ_F）和DI₃重度亏缺灌水（45%～55%θ_F）和4个施氮水平：高氮（N_H）、中氮（N_M）、低氮（N_L）、无氮（N_N）,研究了亏缺灌溉和氮营养对小粒咖啡苗木的生长及形态指标和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,增加灌水或施氮能促进小粒咖啡生长,提高各形态指标（株高、茎粗、叶面积和枝条长度）。与无氮处理相比,施氮可使干物质累积总量提高10.88%～37.49%,水分利用效率提高24.73%～33.01%。与重度亏缺灌水处理相比,增加灌水可使干物质累积总量提高68.01%～141.90%,水分利用效率提高22.48%～40.89%。低氮充分灌水处理可提高小粒咖啡苗木的形态指标,获得较高的干物质累积和水分利用效率。